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- <text id=93CT1711>
- <title>
- Guyana--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- South America
- Guyana
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> "Guiana" was the name given the area sighted by Columbus in
- 1498, comprising modern Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and
- parts of Brazil and Venezuela. The Dutch settled in Guyana in
- the late 16th century, when the Amerindians welcomed them as
- trading partners. However, colonial control and the exploitation
- of the Amerindians--and later of African slaves--followed.
- Interrupted briefly by the French and British, Dutch control
- ended when the British became the de facto rulers in 1796. In
- 1815, the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice were
- officially ceded to the British by the Congress of Vienna and,
- in 1831, were consolidated as British Guiana.
- </p>
- <p> Following the abolition of slavery in 1834, indentured
- workers were brought primarily from India but also from Portugal
- and China. The British stopped the practice in 1917. A scheme
- in 1862 to bring black workers from the United States was
- unsuccessful.
- </p>
- <p> The populace drawn from these diverse origins have coexisted
- peacefully for the most part. Slave revolts, such as the one in
- 1763 led by Guyana's national hero, Cuffy, stressed the desire
- to obtain basic rights and were underscored by a willingness to
- compromise. Labor disputes in the period following full
- emancipation in 1834 showed similar characteristics. The
- development of organized labor was led by H.N. Critchlow, the
- father of local trade unionism. Racial disturbances erupted
- between East Indians and blacks during the 1962-64 period.
- However, the basically pacific nature of the Guyanese,
- including the Amerindians in communal settlements, contributed
- to a deescalation of the racial problems.
- </p>
- <p> The development of modern politics occasionally has been
- turbulent. The British suspended the constitution in 1953
- because they perceived communist subversion. Independence was
- achieved in 1966, and Guyana became a republic on February 23,
- 1970, the anniversary of the Cuffy slave rebellion. From 1964
- to 1985, Forbes Burnham of the People's National Congress (PNC)
- ruled Guyana, first as prime minister and later, after the
- adoption of a new constitution in 1980, as executive president.
- Following Burnham's death in August 1985, Hugh Desmond Hoyte
- assumed the presidency and was formally elected to that position
- in the December 1985 national elections.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Since 1964, the People's National Congress (PNC) has
- dominated the nation's politics. The PNC draws its support
- primarily from urban blacks and declares itself a socialist
- party whose purpose is to make Guyana a nonaligned socialist
- state. PNC socialism, however, includes the right of the public,
- private, and cooperative sectors to function in the economy. In
- August 1987, at the PNC Biennial Congress, President Hoyte
- announced that the PNC rejects orthodox communism and the
- one-party state.
- </p>
- <p> The PNC came to power in the 1964 elections in a coalition
- government with the Conservative United Force. In official
- returns of the December 1968 elections, the PNC won a majority
- of the seats in the National Assembly and was able to form a
- government without a coalition partner. The PNC increased its
- parliamentary majority to 66% in the 1973 elections and to more
- than 75% in the 1980 and 1985 elections. However, questions
- have arisen as to the fairness of the last elections.
- </p>
- <p> East Indian Guyanese traditionally have backed the main
- opposition party, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) headed
- by Dr. Cheddi Jagan, the former premier (1957-64) and current
- minority leader. The PPP is an orthodox, Moscow-aligned
- communist party. The late Forbes Burnham shared the PPP
- leadership with Dr. Jagan until he broke with the party in 1955
- and later formed the PNC. Indo-Guyanese rice farmers and sugar
- workers in the rural areas form the bulk of the PPP's support.
- Race has been a dominant political influence in Guyana, with
- political support based more on ethnicity than on ideology. The
- PPP won elections in 1953, 1957, and 1961. In 1973, it obtained
- 14 parliamentary seats but boycotted the National Assembly
- because it claimed widespread election fraud. In 1975, the PPP
- announced that it would lend "critical support" to the PNC
- government, and party members assumed their seats the following
- year. Recently, support for the PPP, which won 10 seats in the
- 1980 elections and only 8 in the 1985, seems to have waned.
- </p>
- <p> The Working People's Alliance (WPA), a small, multiethnic,
- "independent Marxist" political party, boycotted the 1980
- elections on the grounds that it expected them to be rigged.
- The WPA made moderate gains in membership until June 1980, when
- its leader, Walter Rodney, died in a bomb blast. In the 1985
- elections, the WPA won a single seat in Parliament.
- </p>
- <p> In addition to these parties, there are a few minor centrist
- or conservative political groups. All boycotted the 1980
- elections except the United Force, which won one seat in the
- National Assembly; in 1985, it gained another seat. Under the
- constitution, the next elections are due in December 1990.
- </p>
- <p> Since independence, some gains have been made in providing
- social benefits to a broader section of the population,
- specifically in health (e.g., establishment of rural clinics),
- education, housing, transportation (e.g., road and bridge
- building), essential services, agriculture, and rural
- development. However, during Burnham's last years, the
- government's emphasis on building a socialist society,
- deteriorating human rights and civil liberties, emigration of
- skilled workers, as well as other factors, led to a significant
- decline in the overall quality of life in Guyana. During his 3
- 1/2 years in office, President Hoyte has taken considerable
- steps aimed at stemming the economic decline, including
- appointing a number of competent technocrats to his government,
- strengthening financial controls over the parastatals, and
- supporting the private sector.
- </p>
- <p> The 1987 human rights report published by the U.S.
- Department of State noted that Guyana's human rights record has
- been mixed, citing police harrassment and misconduct and
- infringements of the freedom of the press as major areas of
- concern. Nevertheless, Guyana has no political prisoners,
- special courts, political disappearances, or summary execution.
- Moreover, freedoms of religion, speech, movement, and rights of
- habeas corpus and fair trial are generally respected.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- May 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-